File:Fse-tunnel-fire-v4.svg

Fse-tunnel-fire-v4.svg (SVG file, nominally 900 × 600 pixels, file size: 8 KB)

Summary

Spalling of a heated concrete lining (left) and the effect of polypropylene fibres that melt at about 170 °C and let steam escape (right). Based on Kodur and Harmathy (2002), pp. 1-163 and 1-171.

Original vector illustration for Tunnel fire, level 2 Intermediate.

Source basis: Kodur and Harmathy (2002), p. 1-163 (definition and cause of spalling, consequences) and p. 1-171 (polypropylene fibres melt at about 170 °C, channels, 0.1–0.25 % by volume); Fleischmann and Buchanan (2002), p. 4-255 (risk factors, exposed reinforcing steel)
Alt text: Two cross-sections of a heated concrete lining: left, pieces break off and expose the reinforcement; right, melted fibres leave channels for steam.

Licensing

New drawing by Fire Safety Academy. © Fire Safety Academy.

File history

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	Date/Time	Thumbnail	Dimensions	User	Comment
current	17:44, 2 November 2026		900 × 600 (8 KB)	Lisa (talk \| contribs)	Watermark: Fire Safety Academy logo icon, 70 px, 45 % opacity

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Tunnel fire

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Short title	Spalling of a heated concrete lining (left) and the effect of polypropylene fibres that melt at about 170 °C and let steam escape (right). Based on Kodur and Harmathy (2002), pp. 1-163 and 1-171.
Image title	Two cross-sections of a heated concrete lining: left, pieces break off and expose the reinforcement; right, melted fibres leave channels for steam. Source basis: Kodur and Harmathy (2002), p. 1-163 (definition and cause of spalling, consequences) and p. 1-171 (polypropylene fibres melt at about 170 °C, channels, 0.1–0.25 % by volume); Fleischmann and Buchanan (2002), p. 4-255 (risk factors, exposed reinforcing steel)
Width	900
Height	600