A '''Thomas plume''' is a simplified representation of the mass flow rising from a broa
...an Rossum presents this relationship as a rough basis for choosing between Thomas and Heskestad plume formulations.<ref name="VR-6.7">Van Rossum (2027), §6.7
...
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...or compartment temperature and flashover.<ref name="definition">Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-174–3-176, 3-184–3-186.</ref>
...n exchange.<ref name="distinction">Lie (2002), pp. 4-202–4-203; Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-173–3-174.</ref>
...
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...universally precise temperature or time.<ref name="definition">Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-171, 3-184–3-186; Iqbal and Salley (2004), pp. 13-3–13-6.</re
...follow a prescribed fire-development sequence.<ref name="scope">Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-171–3-172, 3-184–3-186; Van Rossum (2027), §9.3.</ref>
...
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...ame="VR-4.11">Van Rossum (2027), §4.11.</ref><ref name="WT-172">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-172.</ref>
...71">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-171.</ref><ref name="WT-173">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-173.</ref> The NIST investigation of the World Trade Center fi
...
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...ly accepted in fire protection engineering.<ref name="WT-3-175">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-175.</ref><ref name="IS-2-8" />
...the heat release rate needed for flashover.<ref name="WT-3-185">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-185.</ref> It is valid for upper layer temperatures up to abou
...
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...(2002b), p. 4-307.</ref> The SFPE Handbook gives an empirical relation by Thomas for corridors. In this relation the velocity grows with the cube root of th
== Thomas's relation for corridors ==
...
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...<ref name="definition">Lattimer (2002), pp. 2-269, 2-292–2-293; Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-172–3-174.</ref>
...at external combustion affects the building.<ref name="balance">Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-173–3-175; Cadorin and Franssen (2003), pp. 417–421.</ref>
...
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...falls on the broad-fire side of Van Rossum's approximate Heskestad-versus-Thomas model-selection convention. This comparison selects a suitable description
== Heskestad and Thomas plume models ==
...
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...ame="VR-4.11">Van Rossum (2027), §4.11.</ref><ref name="WT-172">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-172.</ref>
...tside as external flames. Based on Van Rossum (2027), §4.11 and Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-172 to 3-174.]]
...
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...burned with the oxygen available in the room.<ref name="WT-172">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-172.</ref> The hot fire gases then contain almost no oxygen.<r
..., with little influence from the compartment.<ref name="WT-171">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-171.</ref>
...
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...3-7">Iqbal and Salley (2004), p. 3-7.</ref><ref name="WT-3-173">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-173.</ref> Typical values for large pools of hydrocarbon liqui
...released for each kilogram of air consumed.<ref name="WT-3-174">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-174.</ref>
...
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...wind speed, with a constant of 0.07 for wildland fires.<ref name="Tho-255">Thomas (1971), as cited in Quintiere (2002b), p. 2-255.</ref> The relation shows t
...than a safe distance for radiation or brand transfer.<ref name="AR-396" /> Thomas's spread relation was also applied to the Great Fire of London, with a cons
...
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...name="interfaces">Peacock et al. (2026), pp. 19–20, Figure 4.1; Walton and Thomas (2002), pp. 3-172–3-174.</ref>
...the two elevations as the fire develops.<ref name="midopening">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-174.</ref>
...
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...ns, damage, ignition of objects and flashover.<ref name="WT171">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-171.</ref>
Walton and Thomas also explain why such methods exist. The energy equations of a room fire ha
...
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...-3-35">Stroup et al. (2016), p. 3-35.</ref><ref name="WT-3-174">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-174.</ref><ref name="EM-2-41">Emmons (2002), p. 2-41.</ref>
For a preflashover fire with a typical door or window, Walton and Thomas place the neutral plane and the interface at mid-height of the opening. Thi
...
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...smoke layer. For relatively large fires, the book uses the plume model of Thomas, in which the mass flow depends on the perimeter of the fire and the height
The book takes the rule for choosing a plume model from NEN 6093. The Thomas model is the more reliable choice when the mean flame length is shorter tha
...
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...ontents of a room may be different phenomena.<ref name="WT-171">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-171.</ref> Rollover also differs from a [[backdraft]] and a [[
...pyrolysed than the available oxygen can burn.<ref name="WT-172">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-172.</ref> The surplus fuel gases, together with carbon monoxi
...
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...od fire load at 18.8 MJ per kilogram of wood.<ref name="WT-184">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-184.</ref> Lie, for example, gives the normal range of buildin
...J per square metre of total internal surface.<ref name="WT-185">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-185.</ref>
...
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...or itself, or the smoke may enter through an open door or another opening. Thomas developed the following empirical relation for this velocity:<ref name="Klo
...smoke backflow in a corridor at full scale and in a 1/4 scale model, from Thomas's relation. Based on Klote (2002), pp. 4-279–4-280.]]
...
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...C) and an emissivity of the hot gas of 0.5.<ref name="WT-3-184">Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-184.</ref> With these values the gas emits 0.5 × 5.67 × 10<sup
...ature for three emissivities. Based on Van Rossum (2027), §5.4, Walton and Thomas (2002), p. 3-184, and Tien et al. (2002), p. 1-85.]]
...
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