Fire service access - Revision history

Jan: Remove links to pages that do not exist; retain displayed text (wiki-wide link audit).

2026-11-02T21:32:52Z

Remove links to pages that do not exist; retain displayed text (wiki-wide link audit).

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:32, 2 November 2026
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	* [[Hose reel]]		* [[Hose reel]]
	* [[Positive pressure ventilation]]		* Positive pressure ventilation
	* [[Fire extinguisher]]		* [[Fire extinguisher]]

Mark: Revise against the FSE wiki writing guidelines: corrections after independent fact-check (revised by Claude Opus 5.5)

2026-11-02T18:37:00Z

Revise against the FSE wiki writing guidelines: corrections after independent fact-check (revised by Claude Opus 5.5)

Mark: Revise against the FSE wiki writing guidelines: verified and corrected citations, country labels, See also, links, style (revised by Claude Opus 5.5)

2026-11-02T17:49:18Z

Revise against the FSE wiki writing guidelines: verified and corrected citations, country labels, See also, links, style (revised by Claude Opus 5.5)

Show changes

Sanne: Add diagrams fse-fire-service-access-v1.svg, fse-fire-service-access-v2.svg, fse-fire-service-access-v3.svg (level-1 visual plan)

2026-11-02T07:24:46Z

Add diagrams fse-fire-service-access-v1.svg, fse-fire-service-access-v2.svg, fse-fire-service-access-v3.svg (level-1 visual plan)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:24, 2 November 2026
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	The main objective is to facilitate firefighting and rescue. C/VM2 links that objective to vehicle access, water delivery, firefighter reach, information, system failure and structural stability. These requirements address the complete operation rather than only arrival at the site.<ref name="CVM2-53" />		The main objective is to facilitate firefighting and rescue. C/VM2 links that objective to vehicle access, water delivery, firefighter reach, information, system failure and structural stability. These requirements address the complete operation rather than only arrival at the site.<ref name="CVM2-53" />
			[[File:fse-fire-service-access-v1.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Arrival leads through hard-standing, connections and internal routes to firefighting and egress.\|Fire service access connects vehicles, equipment, personnel and safe withdrawal. Based on Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), pp. 53–55.]]

	[[Firefighting]] involves controlling and extinguishing fires, rescuing people and protecting exposed property. Access determines whether personnel and equipment can perform those tasks at the required location. A road can therefore be present without providing effective operational access.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="NUREG-F25">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), pp. F-25–F-26.</ref>		[[Firefighting]] involves controlling and extinguishing fires, rescuing people and protecting exposed property. Access determines whether personnel and equipment can perform those tasks at the required location. A road can therefore be present without providing effective operational access.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="NUREG-F25">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), pp. F-25–F-26.</ref>
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	A [[Fire hydrant]] supplies water to fire department pumpers, while sprinkler and standpipe inlets allow firefighters to supplement installed systems. These connections must be accessible and identifiable. Their locations and supply routes should be known to responding personnel.<ref name="NUREG-F25" /><ref name="CVM2-53" />		A [[Fire hydrant]] supplies water to fire department pumpers, while sprinkler and standpipe inlets allow firefighters to supplement installed systems. These connections must be accessible and identifiable. Their locations and supply routes should be known to responding personnel.<ref name="NUREG-F25" /><ref name="CVM2-53" />
			[[File:fse-fire-service-access-v2.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Hydrant feeds a pumper, while an inlet feeds a riser and hose outlets inside a building.\|Hydrants, inlets and internal risers have distinct functions. Based on U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), pp. F-25 and F-61–F-62 and Hopkins, Schoenrock, and Budnick (2005), p. xxxv.]]

	[[Dry and wet risers]] distribute water to hose outlets within a building. Wet risers are charged with water, while manual standpipes rely on fire service supply. Access must support both the use of existing outlets and the connection of external supplies where required.<ref name="NUREG-F61">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), pp. F-61–F-62.</ref>		[[Dry and wet risers]] distribute water to hose outlets within a building. Wet risers are charged with water, while manual standpipes rely on fire service supply. Access must support both the use of existing outlets and the connection of external supplies where required.<ref name="NUREG-F61">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), pp. F-61–F-62.</ref>
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	C/VM2 requires clear information about the general fire location, available fire-safety systems and hazardous substances or processes. This supports decisions about where to enter and which provisions can be used. Information should reflect the building in its current state.<ref name="CVM2-53" />		C/VM2 requires clear information about the general fire location, available fire-safety systems and hazardous substances or processes. This supports decisions about where to enter and which provisions can be used. Information should reflect the building in its current state.<ref name="CVM2-53" />
			[[File:fse-fire-service-access-v3.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Fire location, system status and hazardous materials inform access and suppression choices.\|Responders need current information as well as physical access. Based on Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), p. 53.]]

	Smoke can reduce visibility and complicate search and route selection. Smoke-control provisions can support firefighting, but they rely on detection, power, fans, dampers and make-up air. Their failure must be considered as part of access and safety assessment.<ref name="ABCB-131">Australian Building Codes Board (2020), p. 131.</ref>		Smoke can reduce visibility and complicate search and route selection. Smoke-control provisions can support firefighting, but they rely on detection, power, fans, dampers and make-up air. Their failure must be considered as part of access and safety assessment.<ref name="ABCB-131">Australian Building Codes Board (2020), p. 131.</ref>

Jan: New FSE wiki article: Fire service access (written by Kimi Code CLI)

2026-11-02T04:08:07Z

New FSE wiki article: Fire service access (written by Kimi Code CLI)

New page

'''Fire service access''' is the provision that allows fire service vehicles, personnel and equipment to reach and work at a building during a fire. It includes vehicle hard-standing, unobstructed routes to the building and connections, and safe internal access to the fire area. Access must also support water delivery, information gathering and protection of the firefighters' way out.<ref name="CVM2-53">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), p. 53.</ref><ref name="IFEG-1-2-10">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 1.2-9–1.2-10.</ref>

Access is more than a road leading to an address. Firefighters need to reach entry points, water inlets and the fire floor with their equipment. They also need information about hazards and available systems, and structural conditions that do not expose them to premature collapse.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="CVM2-54">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), pp. 54–55.</ref>

The required provisions depend on jurisdiction, building size and the fire scenario. New Zealand's C/VM2 provides a specific verification scenario for safe firefighting operations. Its dimensions and time assumptions belong to that method and should not be presented as universal rules.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="CVM2-54" />

== Objectives and system boundary ==

The main objective is to facilitate firefighting and rescue. C/VM2 links that objective to vehicle access, water delivery, firefighter reach, information, system failure and structural stability. These requirements address the complete operation rather than only arrival at the site.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

[[Firefighting]] involves controlling and extinguishing fires, rescuing people and protecting exposed property. Access determines whether personnel and equipment can perform those tasks at the required location. A road can therefore be present without providing effective operational access.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="NUREG-F25">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), pp. F-25–F-26.</ref>

Access begins with the route taken by the appliance and continues through the building. The route includes hard-standing, connection points, doors, stairs and other paths to the fire area. It also includes the firefighters' means of egress, which must remain protected during their work.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

The boundary changes as conditions develop. Fire, smoke, structural damage or system failure can make an initially accessible route unsafe. Assessment must therefore consider the expected incident conditions and not just normal building use.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="CVM2-54" />

Rescue operations add the need to search the fire area and remove occupants. C/VM2 explicitly includes reaching the fire floor, searching its general area and protecting the way out. Those tasks require more than a connection at street level.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

== Vehicle access and hard-standing ==

Vehicle access should bring appliances to a usable working position. C/VM2 calls for access to a hard-standing from which an unobstructed path leads to the building. The route must serve firefighter entry and any installed sprinkler or hydrant inlets.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

C/VM2 refers to a path within 20 m of those points in its cited clause. This is a requirement of New Zealand's second-edition 2025 method, not a universal maximum for every country or building. The applicable local provisions must be checked separately.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

Hard-standing provides the physical area where an appliance can be positioned for operations. Its usefulness depends on the paths available to the building and connections. An appliance that reaches the site but cannot deploy hoses or equipment effectively has not achieved the intended access.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="CVM2-54" />

C/VM2 requires access to more than one side of larger unsprinklered firecells in its cited provision. That requirement addresses a particular size and protection condition. It should not be generalised to smaller or differently protected buildings.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

Site changes can impair access over time. Parking, construction work, new partitions or altered entrances can obstruct routes and connections. Review should therefore include current site conditions as well as the original access drawing.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), p. 0.3-8.</ref><ref name="CVM2-53" />

== Hydrants and system connections ==

A [[Fire hydrant]] supplies water to fire department pumpers, while sprinkler and standpipe inlets allow firefighters to supplement installed systems. These connections must be accessible and identifiable. Their locations and supply routes should be known to responding personnel.<ref name="NUREG-F25" /><ref name="CVM2-53" />

[[Dry and wet risers]] distribute water to hose outlets within a building. Wet risers are charged with water, while manual standpipes rely on fire service supply. Access must support both the use of existing outlets and the connection of external supplies where required.<ref name="NUREG-F61">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), pp. F-61–F-62.</ref>

NIST's WTC account illustrates the relationship between site and system access. Ground-level fire department connections supplemented standpipes and sprinklers, while pre-connected hoses were available in stairwells. These arrangements require knowledge of which valves and zones each connection serves.<ref name="Hopkins-xxxv">Hopkins, Schoenrock, and Budnick (2005), p. xxxv.</ref>

Water delivery must reach all relevant parts of the building. C/VM2 provides one method based on an appliance reaching any point within 75 m, approximately three hose lengths. It also permits an internal hydrant designed to the cited New Zealand standard or approved alternative.<ref name="CVM2-54" />

Access to connections is not proof of adequate supply. Municipal damage, empty tanks, failed pumps and shared valve errors can prevent water delivery. Assessment must therefore combine physical access with the condition and reliability of the supply network.<ref name="Hopkins-xli">Hopkins, Schoenrock, and Budnick (2005), pp. xli–xlii.</ref><ref name="NUREG-10-2">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), p. 10-2.</ref>

== Internal access and water delivery ==

Internal routes must allow personnel to reach the fire floor and the general fire area. C/VM2 addresses this with fire-separated stairs and access provisions in specified building cases. The relevant provisions depend on building height and intermediate-floor arrangements.<ref name="CVM2-54" />

Hose routes must be evaluated as actual paths, not straight lines on a plan. Doorways, stairs, partitions and equipment can lengthen and complicate deployment. C/VM2's approximate hose-length method is a design convention and does not prove an unobstructed or safe route.<ref name="CVM2-54" />

[[Firefighting lift]] provisions can form part of the access strategy in some buildings, but the supplied sources do not provide a dedicated lift specification. No universal lift design or operating rule is therefore stated here. The applicable system and jurisdiction must be established before crediting one.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="Razza-4">Razza and Grill (2005), p. 4.</ref>

Emergency-power arrangements can affect access-related systems. NIST's New York code comparison lists lifts, alarms, emergency lighting and fire pumps among emergency loads in the relevant high-rise provisions. Those dependencies should be assessed for the actual building and incident.<ref name="Razza-4" />

Internal access must include a protected way out. Firefighters entering a smoke- or fire-affected area need an egress route whose condition is considered in the design. The access assessment must therefore include both inward deployment and withdrawal.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="CVM2-54" />

== Structural safety and incident conditions ==

Structural systems supporting firefighter access must remain stable for the required period. C/VM2 identifies those necessary for access to floors during firefighting and rescue and calls for stability during and after fire. The requirement is tied to the building and scenario.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

C/VM2 distinguishes provisions for buildings above and below specified escape heights. It uses fire-separated stairs and structural criteria to support access and protect people at ground level and within the building. These details belong to that New Zealand method and should not be used as universal durations.<ref name="CVM2-54" />

Intermediate floors require explicit treatment. C/VM2 gives separate provisions for their supporting structure and, in particular cases, shorter periods or exceptions. The analysis must not treat every mezzanine or platform as equivalent to an ordinary floor.<ref name="CVM2-54" /><ref name="CVM2-55">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), p. 55.</ref>

Damage to suppression infrastructure can also change access. NIST examined riser and standpipe damage when evaluating system performance after initial impact. A fire-separated access route may remain available while the water system within it is impaired.<ref name="Hopkins-xli" /><ref name="Hopkins-xlii">Hopkins, Schoenrock, and Budnick (2005), pp. xli–xlii.</ref>

Conditions at the time of water application matter. C/VM2 specifies radiation and smoke-layer criteria for particular unsprinklered firecells when firefighters first apply water. It does not promise those conditions for every later operation, which depends on the actual development.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="CVM2-54" />

== High-rise buildings and information ==

A [[High-rise building]] increases the effort needed to reach the fire floor and deploy water. NIST's examples use multiple vertical supply zones, pumps and standpipes to address that height. The complete arrangement must be evaluated for both access and hydraulic capability.<ref name="Hopkins-xxxiv">Hopkins, Schoenrock, and Budnick (2005), pp. xxxiv–xxxv.</ref>

Vertical zones can limit which parts of a system are affected by a failure, but shared supplies can still create common vulnerabilities. Riser isolation, pump operation and available alternative routes become important. Responding personnel need clear information about those arrangements.<ref name="Hopkins-xxxv" /><ref name="Hopkins-xli" />

C/VM2 requires clear information about the general fire location, available fire-safety systems and hazardous substances or processes. This supports decisions about where to enter and which provisions can be used. Information should reflect the building in its current state.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

Smoke can reduce visibility and complicate search and route selection. Smoke-control provisions can support firefighting, but they rely on detection, power, fans, dampers and make-up air. Their failure must be considered as part of access and safety assessment.<ref name="ABCB-131">Australian Building Codes Board (2020), p. 131.</ref>

Emergency lighting and alarms can support orientation and notification. Their availability depends on emergency power and the complete distribution chain. Normal operation does not demonstrate function after power loss or fire damage.<ref name="Razza-4" /><ref name="Ferreira-52">Ferreira and Strege (2005), pp. 52–53.</ref>

== Reliability and maintenance ==

Access provisions must remain available during normal building use. Routes and connections should not be obstructed by storage, parked vehicles or alterations. Doors, stairs and signs must remain in the condition assumed by the operational plan.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 1.8-13–1.8-14.</ref><ref name="CVM2-53" />

System information should be kept current. Changes to occupancy, hazards, valves, zones and routes can make old instructions misleading. A review after alteration should update both the physical access assessment and the information available to responders.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" /><ref name="CVM2-53" />

Water-system maintenance must address common dependencies. Closed valves, inadequate supplies, pump failures and damaged mains can affect several connections. Restoration should verify the intended flow and pressure at the relevant point rather than only the condition of one component.<ref name="NUREG-10-2" /><ref name="ABCB-130">Australian Building Codes Board (2020), pp. 129–130.</ref>

Emergency-power and lift arrangements require coordinated checks. A generator may be present while a distribution path or connected system is unavailable. Local backup arrangements also need functional testing in their intended emergency state.<ref name="Razza-4" /><ref name="Ferreira-52" />

Fire service familiarisation and drills can reveal practical access problems. They can test whether connections are identifiable, hose routes are feasible and information is understandable. Any scenario and assumptions should be documented rather than treating a drill as proof of every incident condition.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="CVM2-54" />

== Evaluation and common misunderstandings ==

Access is not equivalent to a public entrance or a road near the building. It includes working space, connections, internal deployment and the safety of personnel. A formally accessible address can still be unusable for firefighting.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

More provisions do not automatically mean independent resilience. Several inlets, lifts or routes can depend on the same power, structure or water supply. The assessment must identify common failures and what remains available afterwards.<ref name="Hopkins-xli" /><ref name="ABCB-131" />

A calculated intervention time is not a promise of operational success. C/VM2 allows specified times or another time supported by a fire brigade intervention model. Actual detection, travel, deployment and incident conditions must be considered when using those times.<ref name="CVM2-54" />

A successful access design should make the complete operation traceable. It identifies how appliances arrive, where connections are made, how personnel reach the fire and how water is delivered. It also states the information, structure and system conditions on which those steps depend.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="Hopkins-xli" />

The final review should retain source and jurisdictional context. C/VM2's dimensions and structural provisions belong to New Zealand's 2025 second edition, while NIST's arrangements belong to the WTC investigation. Neither should be converted into universal access requirements.<ref name="CVM2-54" /><ref name="Hopkins-xxxv" />

An access review should follow the actual sequence of deployment. It starts with detection and appliance arrival, then establishes supply, enters the building and moves towards the fire area. Each stage has its own timing and possible obstructions, so a single travel-time figure cannot represent the complete operation.<ref name="CVM2-54" /><ref name="Hopkins-xli" />

Site and building information should support that sequence at the point of use. Connection labels, valve zones, hazardous-substance information and available systems must be understandable to responders. Information that exists only in an inaccessible office or an outdated report does not provide the intended operational support.<ref name="CVM2-53" />

Alternative routes and connections should be checked for common vulnerabilities. Two entry paths can be affected by the same fire, and two supplies can depend on the same pump or main. The review should identify which route remains usable after each relevant failure rather than counting provisions without examining dependencies.<ref name="ABCB-131" /><ref name="Hopkins-xli" />

Commissioning and exercises should include practical deployment with the relevant equipment. This can reveal blocked access, unclear connections, unsuitable hose routes and insufficient information. Defects should be corrected and retested before the access provisions are treated as available.<ref name="ABCB-130" /><ref name="CVM2-53" />

Changes after completion require renewed assessment. A new road layout, partition, occupancy or protection system can alter vehicle access, internal deployment and the assumptions behind intervention time. The original access evidence should be retained, but its continued applicability must be demonstrated for the altered building.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" /><ref name="CVM2-54" />

The resulting evidence should distinguish demonstrated access from assumed access. Demonstrated access identifies usable routes, connections and information under stated conditions. Assumed access relies on the building drawing or normal daily arrangement without checking fire conditions, impairments or later alterations. Keeping that distinction helps reviewers decide which scenarios still need evaluation.<ref name="CVM2-53" /><ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />

== See also ==

* [[Dry and wet risers]]
* [[Fire hydrant]]
* [[Firefighting lift]]

== Notes ==

<references />

== References ==

* Australian Building Codes Board. (2020). ''Fire safety verification method data sheets'' (Version 1.1). Author.
* Australian Building Codes Board, National Research Council of Canada, International Code Council, & Department of Building and Housing New Zealand. (2005). ''International fire engineering guidelines'' (2005 ed.). Australian Building Codes Board.
* Ferreira, M. J., & Strege, S. M. (2005). ''Smoke management systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4D). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
* Hopkins, M., Schoenrock, J., & Budnick, E. (2005). ''Fire suppression systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4B). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
* Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2025). ''C protection from fire: Verification method C/VM2'' (2nd ed.). New Zealand Government.
* Razza, J. C., & Grill, R. A. (2005). ''Comparison of the 1968 and current (2003) New York City building code provisions'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-1F). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
* U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (2005). ''Fire dynamics tools: Quantitative fire hazard analysis methods for the U.S. nuclear regulatory commission fire protection inspection program'' (NUREG-1805). Author.

[[Category:Firefighting & Fire Service]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:37, 2 November 2026
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	'''Fire service access''' is the set of provisions that let the fire service reach a building, ~~bring~~ water ~~and equipment~~ to ~~a fire~~, and carry out [[firefighting]] and rescue inside with reasonable safety. In New Zealand, the Building Code clauses restated in Verification Method C/VM2 (second edition, 2025) cover a hard-standing for fire vehicles, water throughout the building, routes to the fire floor and information for firefighters.<ref name="CVM2-53"~~>Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025b), p. 53.<~~/~~ref~~> The International Fire Engineering Guidelines (2005 edition) treat access to the site and to the building as part of fire services intervention, one of the six sub-systems of a fire safety design.<ref name="IFEG-1.2-10"~~>National Research Council of Canada et al. (2005), p. 1.2-10.<~~/~~ref~~> Access matters because the time needed to bring water to a fire affects how far the fire develops and whether it can still be suppressed.<ref name="NIPV-66">Van der Graaf et al. (2021/2023), p. 66.</ref> A fire service that arrives after the fire has grown beyond flashover may have no effect on it at all.<ref name="IFEG-1.9-7">National Research Council of Canada et al. (2005), p. 1.9-7.</ref> Requirements differ between countries~~: New Zealand, Australia and~~ the Netherlands ~~each set their own conditions~~, and ~~Dutch building regulations count~~ the preservation of fire service attack routes among ~~their~~ sub-goals.<ref name="VR-1.2">Van Rossum (2027), §1.2.</ref>		'''Fire service access''' is the set of provisions that let the fire service reach a building, deliver water to every part of it, and carry out [[firefighting]] and rescue inside with reasonable safety.<ref name="CVM2-53">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025b), p. 53.</ref><ref name="IFEG-1.2-10">National Research Council of Canada et al. (2005), p. 1.2-10.</ref> In New Zealand, the Building Code clauses restated in Verification Method C/VM2 (second edition, 2025) cover a hard-standing for fire vehicles, water throughout the building, routes to the fire floor and information for firefighters.<ref name="CVM2-53" /> The International Fire Engineering Guidelines (2005 edition) treat access to the site and to the building as part of fire services intervention, one of the six sub-systems of a fire safety design.<ref name="IFEG-1.2-10" /> Access matters because the time needed to bring water to a fire affects how far the fire develops and whether it can still be suppressed.<ref name="NIPV-66">Van der Graaf et al. (2021/2023), p. 66.</ref> A fire service that arrives after the fire has grown beyond flashover may have no effect on it at all.<ref name="IFEG-1.9-7">National Research Council of Canada et al. (2005), p. 1.9-7.</ref> Requirements differ between countries; in the Netherlands, for example, the Building Works and Living Environment Decree (Bbl) counts the preservation of fire service attack routes among its sub-goals.<ref name="VR-1.2">Van Rossum (2027), §1.2.</ref>

	== What fire service access includes ==		== What fire service access includes ==
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	In Australia, the handbook to the Fire Safety Verification Method (print version 1.1, 2020) lists facilities for firefighting among the broad fire safety objectives of the National Construction Code.<ref name="ABCBH-27">Australian Building Codes Board (2020b), p. 27.</ref> It calls for a firefighter strategy, a plan by which the fire brigade is notified of the fire and its location and gains access to the site. The brigade also receives the correct fire location and communication facilities on arrival, documents on the fire safety strategy, and a set-up area with facilities for firefighting and for search and rescue. The plan has to be developed with the fire authority, using the Fire Brigade Intervention Model where appropriate.<ref name="ABCBH-29">Australian Building Codes Board (2020b), p. 29.</ref>		In Australia, the handbook to the Fire Safety Verification Method (print version 1.1, 2020) lists facilities for firefighting among the broad fire safety objectives of the National Construction Code.<ref name="ABCBH-27">Australian Building Codes Board (2020b), p. 27.</ref> It calls for a firefighter strategy, a plan by which the fire brigade is notified of the fire and its location and gains access to the site. The brigade also receives the correct fire location and communication facilities on arrival, documents on the fire safety strategy, and a set-up area with facilities for firefighting and for search and rescue. The plan has to be developed with the fire authority, using the Fire Brigade Intervention Model where appropriate.<ref name="ABCBH-29">Australian Building Codes Board (2020b), p. 29.</ref>

	The International Fire Engineering Guidelines cover public fire services as well as private ones, such as the fire brigade of an industrial complex.<ref name="IFEG-1.9-1">National Research Council of Canada et al. (2005), p. 1.9-1.</ref> For this sub-system they list measures such as the type of fire service, full-time or volunteer, its capability and resources, access to the site and the building, and water supplies.<ref name="IFEG-1.2-10" /> ~~Dutch building regulations keep~~ the attack routes of the fire service intact as one of ~~their~~ sub-goals.<ref name="VR-1.2" /> A non-enclosed space through which an escape route runs must also remove enough heat and smoke, and admit enough fresh air, to stay usable for escape, rescue and firefighting work.<ref name="VR-7.7">Van Rossum (2027), §7.7.</ref>		The International Fire Engineering Guidelines cover public fire services as well as private ones, such as the fire brigade of an industrial complex.<ref name="IFEG-1.9-1">National Research Council of Canada et al. (2005), p. 1.9-1.</ref> For this sub-system they list measures such as the type of fire service, full-time or volunteer, its capability and resources, access to the site and the building, and water supplies.<ref name="IFEG-1.2-10" /> In the Netherlands, the Bbl keeps the attack routes of the fire service intact as one of its sub-goals.<ref name="VR-1.2" /> Under the Bbl, a non-enclosed space through which an escape route runs must also remove enough heat and smoke, and admit enough fresh air, to stay usable for escape, rescue and firefighting work.<ref name="VR-7.7">Van Rossum (2027), §7.7.</ref>

	== How access affects the time to intervention ==		== How access affects the time to intervention ==
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	[[File:fse-fire-service-access-v2.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Hydrant feeds a pumper, while an inlet feeds a riser and hose outlets inside a building.\|Hydrants, inlets and internal risers have distinct functions. Based on Iqbal and Salley (2004), pp. F-25–F-26 and F-61–F-62, and Hopkins et al. (2005), pp. xxxiv–xxxv.]]		[[File:fse-fire-service-access-v2.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Hydrant feeds a pumper, while an inlet feeds a riser and hose outlets inside a building.\|Hydrants, inlets and internal risers have distinct functions. Based on Iqbal and Salley (2004), pp. F-25–F-26 and F-61–F-62, and Hopkins et al. (2005), pp. xxxiv–xxxv.]]

	~~The documents~~ also limit how far water may have to be carried. Under C/VM2, a pumping appliance parked close to the building must be able to reach any point inside within 75 m, about three hose lengths. Otherwise an internal hydrant is needed, designed to NZS 4510 or approved by the National Commander of Fire and Emergency New Zealand.<ref name="CVM2-54">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025b), pp. 54–55.</ref> C/VM2 treats access to an intermediate floor as achieved when a hydrant in a safe path lies within 40 m of its most remote point, about two hose lengths.<ref name="CVM2-55">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025b), p. 55.</ref> Australia's 2022 standard requires internal hydrants in a sprinklered building when reaching all points needs more than 100 m or the building has more than three levels. Without sprinklers the distance threshold is 70 m.<ref name="FSVM-16" />		New Zealand and Australian rules also limit how far water may have to be carried. Under C/VM2, a pumping appliance parked close to the building must be able to reach any point inside within 75 m, about three hose lengths. Otherwise an internal hydrant is needed, designed to NZS 4510 or approved by the National Commander of Fire and Emergency New Zealand.<ref name="CVM2-54">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025b), pp. 54–55.</ref> C/VM2 treats access to an intermediate floor as achieved when a hydrant in a safe path lies within 40 m of its most remote point, about two hose lengths.<ref name="CVM2-55">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025b), p. 55.</ref> Australia's 2022 standard requires internal hydrants in a sprinklered building when reaching all points needs more than 100 m or the building has more than three levels. Without sprinklers the distance threshold is 70 m.<ref name="FSVM-16" />

	Risers shorten the hose that firefighters must lay. The NIPV study notes that a dry riser can shorten the attack time because less hose has to be rolled out. Its most effective location is where the fire service enters the car park.<ref name="NIPV-66" /> A NIST report on the World Trade Center states that avoiding long hose lays from the fire engine to an upper floor of a tall building improves the initial attack. It adds that standpipes are not an alternative to automatic sprinklers.<ref name="Hopkins-21" />		Risers shorten the hose that firefighters must lay. The NIPV study notes that a dry riser can shorten the attack time because less hose has to be rolled out. Its most effective location is where the fire service enters the car park.<ref name="NIPV-66" /> A NIST report on the World Trade Center states that avoiding long hose lays from the fire engine to an upper floor of a tall building improves the initial attack. It adds that standpipes are not an alternative to automatic sprinklers.<ref name="Hopkins-21" />
Line 72:		Line 72:
	A positive engineering result does not oblige firefighters to attack from inside the building. Van Rossum stresses that this decision always rests with the fire service on site.<ref name="VR-9.3" /> Likewise, the C/VM2 limits describe a single moment, and later operations are decided by the officer in charge according to the conditions found.<ref name="Comm-149" />		A positive engineering result does not oblige firefighters to attack from inside the building. Van Rossum stresses that this decision always rests with the fire service on site.<ref name="VR-9.3" /> Likewise, the C/VM2 limits describe a single moment, and later operations are decided by the officer in charge according to the conditions found.<ref name="Comm-149" />

	Fire service intervention is also hard to quantify. The International Fire Engineering Guidelines note that its effect does not lend itself easily to calculation, so many aspects rest on qualitative judgement.<ref name="IFEG-2.9-2" /> The FBIM values come from Australian data only~~, and the World Trade Center data describe a single event in 2001~~.<ref name="IFEG-3.9-2~~" /><ref name="Lawson-xliii~~" />		Fire service intervention is also hard to quantify. The International Fire Engineering Guidelines note that its effect does not lend itself easily to calculation, so many aspects rest on qualitative judgement.<ref name="IFEG-2.9-2" /> The FBIM values come from Australian data only.<ref name="IFEG-3.9-2" />

	== See also ==		== See also ==