Fire safety management - Revision history

Jan: Improve Basic article: verified sources, clearer explanation, calculations and links (GPT-6)

2026-11-02T18:22:05Z

Improve Basic article: verified sources, clearer explanation, calculations and links (GPT-6)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 2 November 2026
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	* Australian Building Codes Board, National Research Council of Canada, International Code Council, & Department of Building and Housing New Zealand. (2005). ''International fire engineering guidelines'' (2005 ed.). Australian Building Codes Board.		* Australian Building Codes Board, National Research Council of Canada, International Code Council, & Department of Building and Housing New Zealand. (2005). ''International fire engineering guidelines'' (2005 ed.). Australian Building Codes Board.
	* Australian Building Codes Board. (2020). ''Fire safety verification method data sheets'' (Version 1.1).		* Australian Building Codes Board. (2020). ''Fire safety verification method data sheets'' (Version 1.1).
	* Bryan, J. L. (2002). Behavioral response to fire and smoke. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed.). National Fire Protection Association.		* Bryan, J. L. (2002). Behavioral response to fire and smoke. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed., pp. 3-315–3-341). National Fire Protection Association.
	* Ferreira, M. J., & Strege, S. M. (2005). ''Smoke management systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4D). National Institute of Standards and Technology.		* Ferreira, M. J., & Strege, S. M. (2005). ''Smoke management systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4D). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
	* Iqbal, N., & Salley, M. H. (2004). ''Fire dynamics tools (FDTs): Quantitative fire hazard analysis methods for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission fire protection inspection program'' (NUREG-1805). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.		* Iqbal, N., & Salley, M. H. (2004). ''Fire dynamics tools (FDTs): Quantitative fire hazard analysis methods for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission fire protection inspection program'' (NUREG-1805). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
	* Keough, R. J., & Grill, R. A. (2005). ''Fire alarm systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4C). National Institute of Standards and Technology.		* Keough, R. J., & Grill, R. A. (2005). ''Fire alarm systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4C). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
	* Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2025). ''C protection from fire: Verification method C/VM2'' (2nd ed.). New Zealand Government.		* Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2025). ''C protection from fire: Verification method C/VM2'' (2nd ed.). New Zealand Government.
	* Proulx, G. (2002). Movement of people: The evacuation timing. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed.). National Fire Protection Association.		* Proulx, G. (2002). Movement of people: The evacuation timing. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed., pp. 3-342–3-366). National Fire Protection Association.
	* Schifiliti, R. P., Meacham, B. J., & Custer, R. L. P. (2002). Design of detection systems. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed.). National Fire Protection Association.		* Schifiliti, R. P., Meacham, B. J., & Custer, R. L. P. (2002). Design of detection systems. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed., pp. 4-1–4-43). National Fire Protection Association.
	* U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission & Electric Power Research Institute. (2010). ''Fire probabilistic risk assessment methods enhancements: Supplement 1 to NUREG/CR-6850 and EPRI 1011989'' (NUREG/CR-6850 Supplement 1; EPRI 1019259).		* U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission & Electric Power Research Institute. (2010). ''Fire probabilistic risk assessment methods enhancements: Supplement 1 to NUREG/CR-6850 and EPRI 1011989'' (NUREG/CR-6850 Supplement 1; EPRI 1019259).

	[[Category:Fire Safety Design & Regulation]]		[[Category:Fire Safety Design & Regulation]]

Jan: Improve Basic article: verified sources, clearer explanation, calculations and links (GPT-6)

2026-11-02T18:17:34Z

Improve Basic article: verified sources, clearer explanation, calculations and links (GPT-6)

Show changes

Sanne: Add diagrams fse-fire-safety-management-v1.svg, fse-fire-safety-management-v2.svg, fse-fire-safety-management-v3.svg (level-1 visual plan)

2026-11-02T07:13:38Z

Add diagrams fse-fire-safety-management-v1.svg, fse-fire-safety-management-v2.svg, fse-fire-safety-management-v3.svg (level-1 visual plan)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:13, 2 November 2026
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	IFEG distinguishes physical measures from emergency organisation. Physical measures include egress paths, fire corridors, exits and signs, while organisational measures include committees, control organisations, procedures, training and testing. Both groups form part of the evacuation and safety system.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />		IFEG distinguishes physical measures from emergency organisation. Physical measures include egress paths, fire corridors, exits and signs, while organisational measures include committees, control organisations, procedures, training and testing. Both groups form part of the evacuation and safety system.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />
			[[File:fse-fire-safety-management-v1.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Routes, signs and systems align with staff, procedures, training and testing.\|Fire safety management combines physical and organisational provisions. Based on Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 1.8-13–1.8-14.]]

	The management team influences fire safety through daily decisions. IFEG identifies the need for evacuation procedures and training consistent with the fire engineering evaluation. It also calls for limits on fuel loading and use of escape routes to be stated where the design depends on them.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-7" />		The management team influences fire safety through daily decisions. IFEG identifies the need for evacuation procedures and training consistent with the fire engineering evaluation. It also calls for limits on fuel loading and use of escape routes to be stated where the design depends on them.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-7" />
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	Commissioning should test the installed arrangement in its operating modes. ABCB describes installation checks, performance tests, repair and retesting for active systems. Repeated cycles may be needed before defects are closed.<ref name="ABCB-130" />		Commissioning should test the installed arrangement in its operating modes. ABCB describes installation checks, performance tests, repair and retesting for active systems. Repeated cycles may be needed before defects are closed.<ref name="ABCB-130" />
			[[File:fse-fire-safety-management-v2.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Installation checks lead to functional tests, defect repair, retesting and restored service.\|Maintenance closes the loop between defects and verified restoration. Based on Australian Building Codes Board (2020), pp. 129–130.]]

	[[Unwanted fire alarms]] can reduce the credibility of genuine warnings. Proulx describes occupants becoming less responsive when false alarms are frequent. Management must address nuisance causes while preserving the ability to detect a real fire.<ref name="Proulx-3-351">Proulx (2002), pp. 3-350–3-351.</ref>		[[Unwanted fire alarms]] can reduce the credibility of genuine warnings. Proulx describes occupants becoming less responsive when false alarms are frequent. Management must address nuisance causes while preserving the ability to detect a real fire.<ref name="Proulx-3-351">Proulx (2002), pp. 3-350–3-351.</ref>
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	Review should be triggered by changes to fuel, occupants, layout, systems and procedures. The reviewer needs to determine whether the existing evaluation remains applicable or requires revision. An unchanged document cannot demonstrate safety for a changed building.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />		Review should be triggered by changes to fuel, occupants, layout, systems and procedures. The reviewer needs to determine whether the existing evaluation remains applicable or requires revision. An unchanged document cannot demonstrate safety for a changed building.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />
			[[File:fse-fire-safety-management-v3.svg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|alt=Fuel, occupants, layout and system changes feed a review of the fire-safety basis.\|Changes require comparison with the existing fire-safety evaluation. Based on Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), p. 0.3-8.]]

	Emergency plans should also reflect lessons from tests and drills. Unclear messages, staff absence or queue locations can reveal a need for procedural or physical changes. Closing that feedback loop is part of active management.<ref name="Proulx-3-349" /><ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />		Emergency plans should also reflect lessons from tests and drills. Unclear messages, staff absence or queue locations can reveal a need for procedural or physical changes. Closing that feedback loop is part of active management.<ref name="Proulx-3-349" /><ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

Jan: New FSE wiki article: Fire safety management (written by Kimi Code CLI)

2026-11-02T02:48:19Z

New FSE wiki article: Fire safety management (written by Kimi Code CLI)

New page

'''Fire safety management''' is the organisational work needed to keep a building's fire-safety provisions effective during its use. It combines physical maintenance with emergency planning, staff responsibilities, training, inspection and review. The objective is to preserve the conditions on which the fire safety strategy depends, not merely to keep equipment present.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 1.8-13–1.8-14.</ref><ref name="IFEG-0-3-7">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 0.3-7–0.3-8.</ref>

Management begins with the building's hazards and design assumptions. Fuel arrangements, occupant needs, alarm operation, escape routes and suppression systems can all require particular actions. Changes to those conditions may require reassessment rather than routine continuation of an old procedure.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), p. 0.3-8.</ref><ref name="IFEG-1-2-9">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 1.2-9–1.2-10.</ref>

Fire safety management therefore extends beyond emergency response. Day-to-day control of ignition sources, system availability and route usability influences whether people can reach safety. Commissioning, maintenance and staff organisation must support the same design intent.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" /><ref name="ABCB-130">Australian Building Codes Board (2020), pp. 129–130.</ref>

== Scope and responsibilities ==

IFEG distinguishes physical measures from emergency organisation. Physical measures include egress paths, fire corridors, exits and signs, while organisational measures include committees, control organisations, procedures, training and testing. Both groups form part of the evacuation and safety system.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

The management team influences fire safety through daily decisions. IFEG identifies the need for evacuation procedures and training consistent with the fire engineering evaluation. It also calls for limits on fuel loading and use of escape routes to be stated where the design depends on them.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-7" />

Responsibilities should be assigned to identifiable roles. Emergency personnel need authority to carry out their duties, and trained positions need to remain filled. A procedure that assumes unavailable or untrained staff does not reproduce the arrangement evaluated in the safety case.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

Management also includes communication with building users. Warnings, signs and instructions must correspond to the actual routes and protective measures. Contradictory information can delay action or direct occupants towards an unsuitable route.<ref name="Bryan-3-316">Bryan (2002), pp. 3-315–3-316.</ref><ref name="Proulx-3-350">Proulx (2002), p. 3-350.</ref>

The applicable legal and technical requirements provide the outer framework. IFEG calls for inspection and maintenance programmes to reflect applicable standards and legislation. These are jurisdiction-specific and should not be replaced by an invented universal service interval.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-7" /><ref name="CVM2-60">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), p. 60.</ref>

== Hazard review and risk assessment ==

[[Fire risk assessment]] provides a structured basis for identifying hazards, exposed people and protective measures. IFEG recommends systematic review of ignition sources, fuel, layout, activities and special hazards. Existing and proposed controls should be identified in the same review.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" />

Hazards can arise from ordinary operations as well as exceptional events. Repair work, process activity and disregard of procedures appear in the IFEG examples. Management therefore needs to observe how the building is actually used rather than relying only on its design occupancy label.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" />

The assessment should consider who is exposed and what response they can make. Sleeping occupants, visitors and people needing assistance can require different arrangements. Those characteristics affect pre-movement, staff support and route selection.<ref name="Proulx-3-350" /><ref name="CVM2-30">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), pp. 29–31.</ref>

Risk information should be revisited when conditions change. Altered storage, new equipment or changed occupancy can introduce different fire scenarios. A previously completed assessment is evidence for its stated conditions, not a permanent description of the building.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />

The result should influence practical controls. Ignition-source separation, housekeeping, maintenance, detection and evacuation arrangements can address different parts of the problem. Recording only a risk score without those controls would not establish an operational safety system.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" /><ref name="IFEG-1-2-25">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 1.2-25–1.2-26.</ref>

== Control of work and ignition sources ==

[[Hot work]] includes activities that can introduce ignition energy into areas where combustible material may be present. IFEG identifies adherence to hot-work procedures as a preventive measure. The detailed permit requirements must come from the applicable procedure and jurisdiction rather than being assumed here.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" />

Management should connect such work with the building's fuel and protection arrangements. Work near combustible materials or impaired systems can change the risk during that activity. The operational review should identify those changed conditions and the controls that apply to the task.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" />

Housekeeping and fuel arrangement are part of prevention. IFEG lists management of combustibles, limitation of fuel and separation from ignition sources among possible measures. These measures reduce the opportunities for ignition and subsequent spread.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" />

Electrical and plant maintenance can also address ignition hazards. Regular maintenance belongs to the preventive strategy, not only to equipment reliability. The reviewed procedure should identify the systems and conditions that require attention.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" />

Impairments need controlled handling. A system shut down for maintenance cannot provide the same protection as an operational one, and restoration should be verified. NUREG-1805 includes maintenance shutdown among conditions that can contribute to sprinkler-system failure.<ref name="NUREG-10-2">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2005), p. 10-2.</ref>

== Alarm systems and unwanted activations ==

A [[Fire alarm system]] requires management of the complete chain from detection to notification. A detector may work while a panel, sounder or communication path fails. Testing should therefore address the intended response rather than only individual components.<ref name="Schifiliti-4-1">Schifiliti, Meacham, and Custer (2002), pp. 4-1–4-2.</ref><ref name="CVM2-13">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), p. 13.</ref>

Commissioning should test the installed arrangement in its operating modes. ABCB describes installation checks, performance tests, repair and retesting for active systems. Repeated cycles may be needed before defects are closed.<ref name="ABCB-130" />

[[Unwanted fire alarms]] can reduce the credibility of genuine warnings. Proulx describes occupants becoming less responsive when false alarms are frequent. Management must address nuisance causes while preserving the ability to detect a real fire.<ref name="Proulx-3-351">Proulx (2002), pp. 3-350–3-351.</ref>

Detector selection, placement and sensitivity influence nuisance activation. Changes made solely to reduce alarms can delay genuine detection. NRC guidance cited in the supplied sources calls for sensitivity reductions in incipient systems to be evaluated for that effect.<ref name="NUREG-6850-13-5">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2010), p. 13-5.</ref>

Alarm history and faults should be reviewed as operational information. Recurrent environmental causes, contamination or inappropriate siting can require corrective action. The purpose is reliable warning, not simply a lower annual alarm count.<ref name="Schifiliti-4-23">Schifiliti, Meacham, and Custer (2002), pp. 4-23–4-24.</ref><ref name="Proulx-3-351" />

== Evacuation organisation ==

An [[Evacuation strategy]] defines who moves, when they move and where they go. Management must make that strategy understandable to staff and occupants. Full, phased and horizontal approaches have different communication and assistance requirements.<ref name="IFEG-2-8-2">Australian Building Codes Board et al. (2005), pp. 2.8-1–2.8-2.</ref>

Staff and wardens need building-specific training. Proulx reports that recognised staff can prompt action and reduce response time, but their coverage and authority matter. Training from another building does not automatically prepare someone for a different route arrangement.<ref name="Proulx-3-350" />

Routes must remain available during normal use. IFEG calls for clear egress paths, operating doors and signs in good condition. These checks preserve the physical provisions needed for movement towards safety.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

Drills can test the organisation as well as movement. They can reveal confusing messages, unavailable staff, blocked routes and unrealistic assumptions about occupant response. The scenario and prior training should be recorded when interpreting the results.<ref name="Proulx-3-349">Proulx (2002), pp. 3-348–3-350.</ref>

Emergency lighting and signs require their own operational checks. Normal illumination does not demonstrate operation after normal power loss, and a lit sign does not prove an unobstructed viewing path. The inspection should include both emergency operation and visual access.<ref name="Ferreira-52">Ferreira and Strege (2005), pp. 52–53.</ref><ref name="Proulx-3-350" />

== Strategy, systems and dependencies ==

The [[Fire safety strategy]] links prevention, compartmentation, detection, suppression, smoke control and evacuation. Management must understand which links are relied upon in the design. A defect in one system can alter the conditions assumed for another.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" /><ref name="ABCB-131">Australian Building Codes Board (2020), p. 131.</ref>

Smoke-control systems provide a useful example. They may depend on correct alarm location, fan and damper states, make-up air and sprinkler control. Failure of one dependency can change smoke movement even when other equipment remains operational.<ref name="ABCB-131" />

Suppression likewise depends on more than discharge outlets. Closed valves, inadequate water supply, corrosion and changed storage can prevent effective operation. Management should preserve both the equipment and the hazard conditions for which it was designed.<ref name="NUREG-10-2" />

Compartmentation depends on the condition of walls, doors and other closures. A route that relies on a protected boundary requires that boundary to remain intact. Alterations and open doors can defeat the protection without changing the original drawings.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" /><ref name="CVM2-37">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), p. 37.</ref>

Common-cause failures should be considered in operational planning. Shared power, detection or control can affect several measures simultaneously. The number of installed devices alone does not establish independence.<ref name="ABCB-131" /><ref name="CVM2-58">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), pp. 58–59.</ref>

== Inspection and maintenance records ==

Records should identify the system, required function, inspection result and corrective action. This makes it possible to see whether a defect affects the fire-safety design rather than only the appearance of equipment. Open defects and retesting should remain visible until resolved.<ref name="ABCB-130" />

Access for inspection and testing affects whether maintenance can be performed properly. ABCB recommends safe and accessible arrangements for equipment servicing. Components that cannot be reached may remain untested despite a documented schedule.<ref name="ABCB-130" />

Records should include operational changes as well as technical tests. Occupancy, storage and layout alterations can change the design basis. A functioning system can still be unsuitable for the new hazard or population.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />

Staff appointments and training records are part of the evidence. IFEG includes review of procedures, evacuation exercises and filling trained positions in management responsibilities. Those records show whether the organisational provisions remain available.<ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

Source editions should be retained with maintenance requirements. Standards used for a system can depend on its installation and compliance route. The current applicable documents must be identified rather than assuming every later edition applies retroactively.<ref name="CVM2-60" /><ref name="Keough-1">Keough and Grill (2005), pp. 1–2.</ref>

== Change and continuing review ==

Alterations can affect several fire-safety systems at once. A new partition can change smoke movement, detector coverage and escape distance. Management review should follow those interactions rather than approving separate changes in isolation.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" /><ref name="CVM2-32">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), pp. 32–33.</ref>

IFEG warns that buildings with similar features can still behave differently because of subtle variations. A solution developed for one building should not be reused as a precedent without detailed comparison. The same caution applies to changed conditions within one building.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />

Review should be triggered by changes to fuel, occupants, layout, systems and procedures. The reviewer needs to determine whether the existing evaluation remains applicable or requires revision. An unchanged document cannot demonstrate safety for a changed building.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />

Emergency plans should also reflect lessons from tests and drills. Unclear messages, staff absence or queue locations can reveal a need for procedural or physical changes. Closing that feedback loop is part of active management.<ref name="Proulx-3-349" /><ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

Fire safety management is thus a continuing process of preserving and reviewing the safety case. Equipment, people and building conditions must remain consistent with the assessed strategy. When they diverge, the appropriate response is reassessment and corrective action rather than reliance on historical approval.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-7" /><ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" />

Operational handovers should preserve information about system states. A valve left closed, a detector disabled or a route temporarily obstructed can change the protection available to the next work period. The handover should identify those conditions and the expected restoration rather than assuming they will be noticed automatically.<ref name="NUREG-10-2" /><ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

Maintenance and procurement should also preserve the design basis. Replacement components can have different response, power or distribution characteristics, even when they fit the same space. Their suitability should be checked against the tested system and its intended function.<ref name="NUREG-10-2" /><ref name="Keough-1" />

Management should distinguish a fault from a change in the protected hazard. Equipment can operate as tested yet become unsuitable when storage, occupancy or room geometry changes. Both equipment condition and the conditions of use need review.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" /><ref name="NUREG-10-2" />

For alarm management, repeated activations should be investigated by cause and circumstance. The relevant issue may be smoke from a non-fire source, detector placement, contamination or an actual equipment fault. Reducing sensitivity without that diagnosis can conceal the warning problem rather than solve it.<ref name="Schifiliti-4-23" /><ref name="NUREG-6850-13-5" />

Training should include the actions expected during foreseeable non-ideal conditions. Staff may need to respond to an unavailable route, an unclear alarm or an occupant requiring assistance. Exercises based only on an ideal, unobstructed building can miss those operational needs.<ref name="Proulx-3-350" /><ref name="IFEG-1-8-14" />

Physical inspections should examine the whole functional path. Detection must lead to notification, supplies must reach outlets, and escape routes must reach their intended destination. A checklist limited to the presence of components can miss a broken link between them.<ref name="Schifiliti-4-1" /><ref name="CVM2-33">Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2025), pp. 32–33.</ref>

Management documentation should state the source of detailed procedures. Hot-work controls, test intervals and system-specific requirements must come from the applicable documents and installed equipment. The supplied sources support these management principles but do not provide one universal current permit or servicing schedule.<ref name="IFEG-1-2-9" /><ref name="CVM2-60" />

The review cycle should end with a clear decision about the building's condition. If the physical systems and organisational arrangements still match the safety case, that basis can be recorded. If they do not, corrective work or a revised evaluation is needed before the earlier conclusions can be relied upon. The outcome and the responsible role should be recorded so that unresolved impairments and assumptions remain visible to subsequent reviewers. Follow-up should confirm that the assigned corrective action has restored the intended function. Restoration should be demonstrated by an appropriate functional check rather than only by closing the administrative task.<ref name="IFEG-0-3-8" /><ref name="ABCB-130" />

== See also ==

* [[Fire extinguisher]]
* [[Fire safety strategy]]
* [[Hot work]]

== Notes ==

<references />

== References ==

* Australian Building Codes Board. (2020). ''Fire safety verification method data sheets'' (Version 1.1). Author.
* Australian Building Codes Board, National Research Council of Canada, International Code Council, & Department of Building and Housing New Zealand. (2005). ''International fire engineering guidelines'' (2005 ed.). Australian Building Codes Board.
* Bryan, J. L. (2002). Behavioral response to fire and smoke. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed.). National Fire Protection Association.
* Ferreira, M. J., & Strege, S. M. (2005). ''Smoke management systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4D). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
* Keough, R. J., & Grill, R. A. (2005). ''Fire alarm systems'' (NIST NCSTAR 1-4C). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
* Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2025). ''C protection from fire: Verification method C/VM2'' (2nd ed.). New Zealand Government.
* Proulx, G. (2002). Movement of people: The evacuation timing. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed.). National Fire Protection Association.
* Schifiliti, R. P., Meacham, B. J., & Custer, R. L. P. (2002). Design of detection systems. In P. J. DiNenno (Ed.), ''SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering'' (3rd ed.). National Fire Protection Association.
* U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (2005). ''Fire dynamics tools: Quantitative fire hazard analysis methods for the U.S. nuclear regulatory commission fire protection inspection program'' (NUREG-1805). Author.
* U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (2010). ''Fire PRA methods enhancements'' (NUREG/CR-6850, Supplement 1). Author.

[[Category:Fire Safety Design & Regulation]]