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<p>Watermark: Fire Safety Academy logo icon, 70 px, 45 % opacity</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>== Summary ==<br /> Spalling of the cover concrete exposes the reinforcement to the fire, so that it heats much faster than assumed in design. Based on Kodur and Harmathy (2002), pp. 1-163–1-164, and Fleischmann and Buchanan (2002), p. 4-255.<br /> <br /> Original vector illustration for [[Spalling]], level 2 Intermediate.<br /> <br /> * Source basis: Kodur and Harmathy (2002), p. 1-163 (definition, loss of stability and integrity) and p. 1-164 (exposed reinforcement heats at a very high rate); Fleischmann and Buchanan (2002), p. 4-255 (cover spalls, design assumes intact concrete)<br /> * Alt text: Cross-section of a concrete slab heated from below: a piece of cover concrete breaks away and leaves a reinforcing bar exposed to flames.<br /> <br /> == Licensing ==<br /> New drawing by Fire Safety Academy. © Fire Safety Academy.</div>

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